动词过去完成时态讲解与练习
一、 概念
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即过去( ”。 过去( past-in-the-past )
----|--------------------------|-------------------------------|----------------------------> 那时以前 那时以前 那时(过去) 现在 现在
二、 构成
过去完成时由“助动词had + 过去分词”构成,其中 ”构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称。例如: 通用于各种人称。例如:
They had already had breakfast before they arrivedat the hotel. 他们来宾馆之前就已经吃过饭了。 他们来宾馆之前就已经吃过饭了。
He didn‟t go to bed until he had finished he work. 他直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 他直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 三、 用法
1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去
的过去”。例如: 。例如:
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”) He had left when I arrived. when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开。 当我到达时他已经离开。
2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”,只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相
比较时才使用它。例如: 时才使用它。例如:
She told me that she had written a new novel.
她告诉我她已经写好一本小说了。(had written 发生在 发生在 told 之前 之前 ) I found the watch which I had lost. . 我找到了我丢失的表。 我找到了我丢失的表。
3. 过去完成时需与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与
already, yet, still, just, before, never 等时间副词及by, before, until 等引导的短语或从句连用。例: had taught English in a middle school for about five years. English in a middle school for about five years. Before she came to China, Amy 艾米来中国之前,在一所中学已经教了五年英语。 艾米来中国之前,在一所中学已经教了五年英语。
Tom had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was seven. 汤姆在七岁时已经集了300多张中国邮票。 多张中国邮票。
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4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。如: 作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。如: By the end of last year, my father in the factory for twenty years. had worked 去年年底时,爸爸已经在工厂工作二十年了。(had worked 已有了 已有了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能) 的可能) By six o‟clock he eleven hours. had worked到6点钟时他就已经工作了11小时。 小时。 特殊点小结 5. 动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。(本 打算, 本 想, 本 希望, 本 计划...) to help but could not get there in time. had wanted例如: I 我本来打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里。 They to be able to come and see you. had hoped他们本来希望能来看看你。 他们本来希望能来看看你。 6. 过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, no sooner…than…, It sooner…than…, It was the first the first (second, first (second, etc) (second, etc) time etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如: 等固定句型中。例如: to speak when the audience interrupted him. Hardly had he began 他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。 他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。 than he went away again. No sooner had he arrived他刚到就又走了。 他刚到就又走了。 out of work that year. It was the third time that she had been这是她那一年第三次失业了。 这是她那一年第三次失业了。 (注: 现在完成时也可用于It the first (second, etc) time (that)…is 句型中) 过去完成时的用法总结如下表: 过 去 完 成 时 构成 构成 基 本 用 助动词 had+动词的过去分词 动词的过去分词 1) 表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示 可能通过上下文来表示 2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, sincefor, since构成的时间状语连用 构成的时间状语连用 2 法 3)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的. (She said (She said that said that she that she had she had been had been to been to Shanghai to Shanghai twice. Shanghai twice. ) twice. ) 过去的动作之前. (She 4)在包含有when, untilwhen, until等连词的复合句中,如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的,那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示 过去动作不是同时发生的,那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示 过去完成时/现在完成时 现在完成时着眼于现在,强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果,或是由过去持续到现在的动作 和其它时态的区别 区别 I the classroom. 我打扫干净教室了。(强调扫地所产生的结果:地干净了!) 我打扫干净教室了。have cleanedThey here 他们住在这二十年了。(“住”从过去持续到现在的动have livedfor for twenty years. 作用现在完成时) 作用现在完成时) 过去完成时则主要体现过去发生的动作先后有别,表达的是“过去的过去”. 如: Mr Smith in London for ten years before he came to China. had had lived史密斯先生在来中国之前就已经在伦敦住过十年了。(“来”中国已成过去,而先前“住”在纽约就是过去的过去!) We had learned 2000 words by the end of last term. 在上期期末,我们就已经学了2000个单词。(“上期期末”已过去,而在其前“学”的就更过去了!) 过去完成时/一般过去时 过去完成时强调某动作在过去某时间或另一动作之前已完成 一般过去时仅表示动作或状态在过去某时间发生过,不强调与另一动作的比较 注 意 事 项 1)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。 希望,打算或意图等。 2) 过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, no sooner…than…, It sooner…than…, It was It was the was the first the first (second,first (second,etc) time (that)…time (that)…等固定句型中。 etc) time 等固定句型中。 3) It/This waswas +序数词 序数词 time+that+从句(用过去完成时)。 It was the second time I had been to a concert. 4) It/This waswas +形容词最高级+that+从句(用过去完成时)。 It was the most wonderful concert that I had ever been to. 4)用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句中 条件从句中 过去完成时练习题 一、选择题 ( )(1)The police found that the house _______and a lot of things_________. A. has broken into, has been stolen B. had broken into, had been stolen 3 C. has been broken into, stolen D. had been broken into, stolen ( )(2)By the end of this century, we__ ours into a strong modern country. A. will build B. had built C. have built D. will have built ( )(3)We _________the work by six yesterday evening. A. finished B.would finish C. had finished D. had been finished ( )(4)I _________to help you but couldn‟t get here in time. A. want B. had wanted C. have wanted D. was wanting ( )(5) Mrs. Wu told me that her sister___________. A. left about two hours before B. would leave about two hours before C. has left about two hours ago D. had left about two hours before ( ) (6)When I reached home, my parents __________their supper. A.are having B.have already had C.have had D. had already had ( ) (7)It seems that the old man _________something important. A.has lost B. had lost C. lost D. would lose ( ) (8)She __________in this school ________the past ten years. A.was teaching, since B. had been teaching, since C.would teach, for D. has been teaching, for ( ) (9)Did you see Xiao Li at the party? No, ______by the time I arrived. A.she‟d left B.she's left C. She was left D.she must leave( ) ( ) (10)The job proved to be much more difficult than I______. A. expect B.expected C. would expect D.had expected ( ) (11)We couldn‟t catch up with the others because they _____too long before us. A.started B.were starting C.have started D.had started ( ) (12)She felt anxious about her son as she ________for quite a long time. A.haven't heard him B. hadn‟t heard him C.haven„t heard from him D. hadn‟t heard from him ( ) (13)By the time the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners_______. A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating ( ) (14)By the end of next July this building__________. A. will be finished B. will have finished C. will have been finished D. had been finished ( ) (15)By the time the war ____, most of the people had left. A.was began B. was broken out C.broke out D. had been broken out ( ) (16)If she ______harder, she would have succeeded. A. had worked B. have worked C. should work D. worked ( ) (17)I wish ______I you yesterday. A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see ( )(18)He is talking so much about America as if he _______ there. A. had been B.has been C. was D. been ( ) (19)That dinner was the most expensive meal we___. A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had 4 ( )(20)When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set of C. had left D. had been away 二.句型转换
1. We had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.( 用过去完成时连接两句)
After we ________________________, we _____________________________ 2. He showed us the picture. Then he showed us around the house. 用过去完成时连接两句) Before he _______________________, he______________________________. 3. I had sold the ticket when she came.(改否定句) (改否定句)
4. By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. (改一般疑问) (改一般疑问)
5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.(改一般疑问) (改一般疑问)
6.He had broken his arm when I saw him.(对划线部分提问) (对划线部分提问) 7. Jack didn‟t go to the cinema because he had seen the film. (对划线部分提问) (对划线部分提问) 8. We had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child. (对划线部分提问) (对划线部分提问)
9. She had written the book by the end of 1960. (对划线部分提问) (对划线部分提问)
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