ASTM E446-2010

StandardReferenceRadiographsfor

SteelCastingsUpto2in.(50.8mm)inThickness1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE446;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.ThisstandardhasbeenapprovedforusebyagenciesoftheDepartmentofDefense.

1.Scope

1.1Thesereferenceradiographs2illustratevariouscatego-ries,types,andseveritylevelsofdiscontinuitiesoccurringinsteelcastingsthathavesectionthicknessesupto2in.(50.8mm)(seeNote2).ThereferenceradiographfilmsareanadjuncttothisstandardandmustbepurchasedseparatelyfromASTMInternational,ifneeded(see2.2).Categoriesandseveritylevelsforeachdiscontinuitytyperepresentedbythesereferenceradiographsaredescribedin1.2.

NOTE1—ThebasisofapplicationforthesereferenceradiographsrequiresapriorpurchasersupplieragreementofradiographicexaminationattributesandclassificationcriterionasdescribedinSections4,6,and7ofthisstandard.

NOTE2—ReferenceradiographspreviouslyusedforthisthicknessrangecarriedthedesignationE71,butincludedanowrarelyusedgammasource,thatis,radium.ThecurrentdocumentisalsoupdatedbyinclusionofseveralrecognizedshrinkageorCcategoriesandbyeliminationofthecrackandhottearcategoriesexceptforoneexampleofeachofthesediscontinuitytypes.ReferenceradiographsforthickersectionsmaybefoundinReferenceRadiographstandardsE186andE280.ReferenceRadiographstandardsE446andE186providesomeoverlapofseveritylevelsforsimilardiscontinuitycategorieswithinthesameenergylevelrange(see4.2,5.1,and6.3).

enceradiographscontainingungradeddiscontinuitiesarepro-videdasaguideforrecognitionofaspecificcastingdisconti-nuitytypewhereseveritylevelsarenotneeded.Followingisalistofdiscontinuitycategories,typesandseveritylevelsfortheadjunctreferenceradiographsofthisstandard:

1.2.1CategoryA—Gasporosity;severitylevels1through5.

1.2.2CategoryB—Sandandslaginclusions;severitylevels1through5.

1.2.3CategoryC—Shrinkage;4types:1.2.3.1Ca—Severitylevels1through5.1.2.3.2Cb—Severitylevels1through5.1.2.3.3Cc—Severitylevels1through5.

1.2.3.4Cd—combinationsoflinear,featheryandspongeshrinkage—Severitylevels1through5.1.2.4CategoryD—Crack;1illustration.1.2.5CategoryE—Hottear;1illustration.1.2.6CategoryF—Insert;1illustration.1.2.7CategoryG—Mottling;1illustration.

NOTE3—Thereferenceradiographsconsistofthefollowing:

VolumeI:MediumVoltage(nominal250kVp)X-RayReferenceRadiographs—setof34illustrations(nominal5by7in.)ina15by17-in.ringbinder.

VolumeII:1-MVXRaysandIridium-192ReferenceRadiographs—Setof34illustrations(nominal5by7in.)ina15by17-in.ringbinder.

VolumeIII:2-MVto4-MVXRaysandCobalt-60ReferenceRadiographs—Setof34illustrations(nominal5by7in.)ina15by17-in.ringbinder.

NOTE4—AlthoughCategoryG–Mottlingislistedforallthreevolumes,theappearanceofmottlingisdependentonthelevelofradiationenergy.MottlingappearsreasonablyprominentinVolumeI;however,becauseofthehigherradiationenergylevelsmottlingmaynotbeapparentinVolumeIInorVolumeIII.

1.2Thesereferenceradiographsconsistofthreeseparatevolumes(seeNote3)asfollows:(I)mediumvoltage(nominal250-kV)Xrays.(II)1-MVXraysandIridium-192radiation,and(III)2-MVto4-MVXraysandcobalt-60radiation.Unlessotherwisespecifiedinapurchasersupplieragreement(see1.1),eachvolumeisforcomparisononlywithproductionradio-graphsproducedwithradiationenergylevelswithinthethick-nessrangecoveredbythisstandard.Eachvolumeconsistsofsixcategoriesofgradeddiscontinuitiesofincreasingseveritylevelandfourcategoriesofungradeddiscontinuities.Refer-ThesereferenceradiographsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE07onNondestructiveTestingandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE07.02onReferenceRadiologicalImages.

CurrenteditionapprovedJan.1,2010.PublishedFebruary2010.Originallyapprovedin1972.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2004asE446–98(2004)´1.DOI:10.1520/E0446-10.2ForASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeapplicationsseerelatedReferenceRadiographsSE-446inSectionVofthatCode.

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2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:3E94GuideforRadiographicExamination

E186ReferenceRadiographsforHeavy-Walled(2to412-in.[51to114-mm])SteelCastings

E242ReferenceRadiographsforAppearancesofRadio-graphicImagesasCertainParametersAreChanged

E280ReferenceRadiographsforHeavy-Walled(412to12-in.[114to305-mm])SteelCastings

E1316TerminologyforNondestructiveExaminations2.2ASTMAdjuncts:4ReferenceRadiographsforSteelCastingsUpto2in.(50.8mm)inThickness:

VolumeI,MediumVoltage(Nominal250kVp)X-Rays5VolumeII,1-MVX-RaysandIridium-1926VolumeIII,2-MVto4-MVX-RaysandCobalt-6073.Terminology

3.1Definitions—Fordefinitionsoftermsrelatingtoradio-graphicexamination,seeTerminologyE1316.

3.2DefinitionsofTermsSpecifictoThisStandard:

3.2.1productionradiograph—aradiographunderreviewforcompliancewiththisstandard.

3.2.2discontinuitytype—aspecificdiscontinuitycharacter-izedbyitscauseandappearance.Forexample:linearshrink-ageisaspecificdiscontinuitytype.

3.2.3discontinuitycategory—anomenclaturesystemusedforgroupingdiscontinuitytypes.Forexample:linearshrinkageisassignedcategory“Ca”where“C”representsthegeneralshrinkagecategoryand“a”representsthespecificlinearshrinkagediscontinuitytype.

3.2.4discontinuityseveritylevel—arelativerankintermsof“quantity,sizeanddistribution”ofacollectionofdisconti-nuitieswhere“1”istheleastand“5”isthegreatest“quantity,sizeanddistribution”presentonthereferenceradiograph.Example:aseveritylevelof“1”ismorerestrictive(requiresahigherlevelofworkmanshipfabricationquality)thanasever-itylevelof“2”.

3.2.5discontinuityclass—anassignedworkmanshipfabri-cationqualityratingcharacterizedbyadiscontinuitytype,categoryandseveritylevel.Forexample:“Ca2”isadiscon-tinuityclasscomprisedoflinearshrinkagewithaseveritylevelof“2”.

3.2.6classificationspecification—asetofuserdefinedac-ceptancecriterionthatprescribestheradiographicworkman-shipdiscontinuityclassrequirementsforaspecifiedusercastingserviceapplication(seeSections6and7).

3.2.7gradedillustration—acategoryofdiscontinuitythatisassignedaseveritylevel.

3.2.8ungradedillustration—acategoryofdiscontinuitywithoutanassignedseveritylevel.

ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageontheASTMwebsite.4AvailablefromASTMHeadquarters.5OrderRRE044601.6OrderRRE044602.7OrderRRE044603.

33.2.9prorating—assignmentofquantity,sizeanddistribu-tiononaproductionradiographinproportiontoasimilarsizeareaofareferenceradiograph.Forexample:aproductionradiographcoversanareathatissmallerthantheunitareaofareferenceradiographandtheextentofdiscontinuityontheapplicablereferenceradiographisreducedproportionately.4.SignificanceandUse

4.1Gradedreferenceradiographsareintendedtoprovideaguideenablingrecognitionofspecificcastingdiscontinuitytypesandrelativeseveritylevelsthatmaybeencounteredduringtypicalfabricationprocesses.Referenceradiographscontainingungradeddiscontinuitiesareprovidedasaguideforrecognitionofaspecificcastingdiscontinuitytypewhereseveritylevelsarenotneeded.Thesereferenceradiographsareintendedasabasisfromwhichmanufacturersandpurchasersmay,bymutualagreement,selectparticulardiscontinuityclassestoserveasstandardsrepresentingminimumlevelsofacceptability(seeSections6and7).

4.2Referenceradiographsrepresentedbythisstandardmaybeused,asagreeduponinapurchasersupplieragreement,forenergylevels,thicknessesorbothoutsidetherangeofthisstandardwhendeterminedapplicableforthecastingserviceapplication.SeveritylevelsofsimilardiscontinuitycategoriesandenergylevelrangeofE186referenceradiographsmayalternativelybeused,asdeterminedappropriateforthecastingserviceapplication,ifsoagreeduponinthepurchasersupplieragreement(seeNote2and5.1).

4.3ProceduresforevaluationofproductionradiographsusingapplicablereferenceradiographsofthisstandardareprescribedinSection8;however,theremaybemanufacturing-purchaserissuesinvolvingspecificcastingserviceapplicationswhereitmaybeappropriatetomodifyoraltersuchrequire-ments.Wheresuchmodificationsmaybeappropriateforthecastingapplication,allsuchchangesshallbespecificallycalled-outinthepurchasersupplieragreementorcontractualdocument.Section9addressespurchasersupplierrequisitesforwhereweldrepairsmayberequired.5.MethodofPreparation

5.1TheoriginalradiographsusedtopreparetheadjunctreferenceradiographswereproducedonASTMClassIorIIfilmsystemsbytherespectiveuseof250-kVX-ray,Iridium-192andCobalt-60sourcesofradiation.Theoriginalradio-graphsweremadewithpenetrametersensitivityasdeterminedbyASTMpenetrameters(seeGuideE94)of2-2T.Theadjunctreferenceradiographsarereproductionspreparedtoanopticaldensityof2.00to2.25andhavesubstantiallyretainedthecontrastoftheoriginalradiographs.Inpreparingtheserefer-enceradiographs,theobjectivewastoobtainprogressivelygraduatedseveritylevelsforeachgradeddiscontinuitycat-egoryofthisstandard.Additionally,someoverlapofseveritylevelsmayoccurfordiscontinuitycategoriesofthisstandardandsimilardiscontinuitycategoriesofE186referenceradio-graphswithinthesameenergylevelrange.Forexample,aggregategasporosityseveritylevel5ofthisstandardexceedsaggregategasporosityseveritylevel1ofReferenceRadio-graphE186(see6.3).

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5.2FilmDeterioration—Radiographicfilmsaresubjecttowearandtearfromhandlinganduse.Theextenttowhichtheimagedeterioratesovertimeisafunctionofstoragecondi-tions,careinhandlingandamountofuse.Referenceradio-graphfilmsarenoexceptionandmayexhibitalossinimagequalityovertime.Theradiographsshouldthereforebeperi-odicallyexaminedforsignsofwearandtear,includingscratches,abrasions,stains,andsoforth.Anyreferenceradio-graphswhichshowsignsofexcessivewearandtearwhichcouldinfluencetheinterpretationanduseoftheradiographsshouldbereplaced.

6.DeterminationofRadiographicClassification

6.1Forpurposesofevaluationofcastings,adeterminationmustbemadeoftheradiographicdiscontinuityclassificationstobeassignedtoindividualcastingsorspecificareasofcastings.Thedeterminationoftheapplicableradiographicdiscontinuityclassificationshallbebasedonanevaluationofthecastingapplications,design,andservicerequirements.Intheseevaluations,considerationshallbegiventosuchfactorsaspressure,temperature,sectionthickness,applicabledesignsafetyfactor(preferablybasedonstressanalysis),vibration,shock,resistancetocorrosion,involvementofpenetratingradiationsorradiationproducts,andinvolvementofdangerousgasesorliquids.

6.2Foreachindividualcastingorspecificareaofacastingtoberadiographed,thediscontinuityclassmustbeclearlyspecified.Forexample,severitylevel2mightbespecifiedforlinearshrinkage,CategoryCa,andseveritylevel3forgasporosity,CategoryA,sincethelatteraregenerallymuchlessdeleterioustotensileproperties(seeSection7).

6.3Whendeterminingdiscontinuityseveritylevelsforin-dividualcastingsspanningmultiplethicknessrangesoutsidetherangeofthisstandard,considerationshouldbegiventothepotentialforoverlapingseveritylevelsasdescribedin4.2and5.1.

6.4Productionradiographswhicharecomparedtorefer-enceradiographsshouldhaveanopticaldensityintheareaofinterestinaccordancewithGuideE94andaspecifiedmini-mumradiographicsensitivity(qualitylevel)of2%(2-2T).Otherradiographicqualitylevelsoropticaldensitiesmaybedesignated,butthenacorrespondingchangeinseveritylevelforeachdiscontinuitycategoryshouldbeanticipatedandhencespecified.

7.ClassificationSpecifications

7.1Theapplicableradiographicdiscontinuityclassificationshouldbedesignatedbythecontractingagencyinformalspecificationsorondrawingsandinspecificcontractsororders.Thespecifications,drawings,contracts,orordershouldalsodesignatethesamplingplanforthecastingstoberadiographedandtheextentofradiographiccoverage,radio-graphicpracticetobefollowed(GuideE94),imagequalitydesired(Note5)aswellastheseverityoftheacceptablediscontinuityforthegradedcategories.

NOTE5—Fordescriptionofradiographicsensitivityorqualitylevels,

seeGuideE94andReferenceRadiographsE242.

8.EvaluationProcedure

8.1Comparetheproductionradiographsofthecastingsubmittedforevaluationwiththereferenceradiographsex-posedatanequivalentenergyrangewithinthethicknessrangeofthisstandard(unlessotherwisespecified—seeSection4).8.2Whentheseveritylevelofdiscontinuitiesintheproduc-tionradiographbeingevaluatedisequaltoorlessthantheseveritylevelinthespecifiedreferenceradiograph,thatpartofthecastingrepresentedbytheproductionradiographshallbeacceptable.Iftheproductionradiographshowsdiscontinuitiesofgreaterseveritythanthereferenceradiograph,thatpartofthecastingshallberejected.

8.3Aunitareaontheproductionradiographshallbeevaluatedtoaunitareaoflikesizeonthereferenceradiograph.Anyunitevaluationareathatsharesadiscontinuitywithanadjacentunitevaluationareashallmeettheminimumunitareaacceptabilityrequirementswithinthecombinedunitarea.Whentheunitareaofinterestofaproductionradiographislessthantheunitareaoftheapplicablereferenceradiograph,suchunitareaoftheproductionradiographshallbeproratedtothereferenceradiographicarea.

8.4Whentwoormorecategoriesofdiscontinuityarepresentinthesameproductionradiograph,thepredominatingdiscontinuites,ifunacceptable,shallgovernwithoutregardtotheothercategoriesofdiscontinuityandthecastingrejected.8.5Whentwoormorecategoriesofdiscontinuityarepresenttoanextentequaltothemaximumpermissiblelevelasshownintheapplicablestandardsforeachcategory,thenthatpartofthecastingshallbejudgedunacceptable.Whentwoormorecategoriesofdiscontinuityarepresentinthesameradiographtoanextentlessthanthemaximumpermissablelevel,asshownintheapplicablestandardsforeachcategory,theseverityshallbeevaluatedbytheoverallaggregatecondition.Theaggregateconditionisdefinedasthebalanceofquantity,sizeanddistributionofthecollectionofdiscontinui-tiesandshallnotexceedtheaggregateconditionoftheapplicablereferenceradiograph.

8.6Referenceradiographsareprovidedshowingavarietyofshrinkagediscontinuitytypes.Productionradiographsshow-ingshrinkageshallbejudgedbythemostrepresentativereferenceradiograph.

8.7Thisstandarddoesnotspecifylimitingcriteriaforasinglesizeofdiscontinuity,maximumnumberofdiscontinui-tiesperunitareaevaluated,specificdimensionalspacingand/oralignmentcriterionbetweenindividualdiscontinuitiesoranyotherundefineddiscontinuitiypatterns.Unlessother-wisespecifiedbyapurchasersupplieragreement(seeSection4),thesediscontinuityconditionsonproductionradiographsshallbeevaluatedasaggregateconditionsasdefinedin8.5.8.8Ingeneral,thereisnolimitastotheextentofacceptablediscontinuitiesinacasting,providedthatnounitevaluationareathroughoutthecastingcontainsdiscontinuitiesthatexceedtheseverityofdiscontinuitiesintheapplicablereferenceradiographs.

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8.9Referenceradiographsinthisstandarddonotillustrateelongatedor“wormhole”typeofgasdiscontinuities.Whenthisconditionoccursinaproductionradiograph,itshallbeevaluatedbycomparisonwiththemostrepresentativerefer-enceradiograph.

8.9.1Whentheexposingradiationsourcehasbeenplacedperpendiculartothelengthofthegashole,evaluatetheproductionradiographwithashrinkagereferenceradiograph.8.9.2Whentheexposingradiationsourcehasbeenplaceddiametricallyor“into”thediameterofthegashole,evaluatetheproductionradiographwithagasreferenceradiograph.

8.10Adiffractionmottlingpatterncanoccuronfilmsofpartsandsectionswherethegrainsizeislargeenoughtobeanappreciablefractionofthematerialthickness(Note6).Ifdiffractionmottlingissuspected,thereareanumberofwaystodemonstrateitspresence.Thediffractionmottlingpatternshowninthesecasesisdependentprincipallyuponthecrystalgeometryandtheorientationofthecrystalstotheincidentradiation.Therefore,foragivenspecimen,anychangeinthisorientationwillaffectthediffractionpatterndramatically.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyaslight,1to5°tiltofthepart,withrespecttotheradiationbeamorsimplybyshiftingthecenterlineoftheradiationbeamtoaslightlydifferentlocationfromthefirstexposure.Indicationsfromanyporosity,shrinkage,orotherdiscontinuitywillmoveonlyslightly,whileanymottlingpatternspresentwillchangedramatically.Ifitisnecessaryordesirabletoeliminatethemottling,thekVmayberaisedtoreducetheamountofdiffractionradiation.However,cautionshouldbeusedsothatthekVisnotraisedtothepointthatsensitivityisreducedexcessively.Ifdiffractionmottlingis

demonstratedtobepresentonaradiograph,thisconditionshallnotbeconsideredasprejudicialinevaluatingtheradiograph.

NOTE6—Mottlingisoftenassociatedwiththinsectionsofausteniticsteels,andcopperbasealloyssuchascoppernickel,tinbronzes,andnickelcopper.

8.11Hottearsandcracksexhibitedonproductionradio-graphsmayattimesresemblelineartypeshrinkage.Whendoubtexistswhethersuchindicationsarecracksortears,orarelinearshrinkage,allsurfacesintheareaofinterestshallbegroundandmagneticparticleorliquidpenetrantinspectedasapplicable.Theextentanddepthofgrindingmayrequireengineeringjudgment.Iftheindicationdoesnotappearonthesurface,thatindicationshallbeconsideredshrinkage.

8.12Theradiographicdensityofdiscontinuitiesincompari-sonwithbackgrounddensityisavariabledependentontechnicalfactors.Itshallnotbeusedasacriterionforacceptanceorrejectionincomparisonwithreferenceradio-graphs.

9.WeldRepairofCastings

9.1Whenradiographicqualitycastingsarerepairedbywelding,thereferenceradiographstobeusedintheevaluationoftherepairedsectionsmustbespecificallyagreeduponbetweenpurchaserandsupplier.

9.2Whencastingdiscontinuitiesareremovedforrepairs,onlytheextentofdiscontinuityrequiredtomeetapplicablereferencestandardsneedberemoved.

10.Keywords

10.1discontinuityclassificationcriterion;gammaray;ref-erenceradiographs;steelcastings;x-ray

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