英语看图描述

透析句型套路 英语阅读考试写出“饼图”精彩

饼图是一种以圆形图示的方式将各个项目所占比例和分布情况进行展现和对比的图表，一个饼图通常显示一个数据系列。回看近两年的雅思写作考试，饼图出现的次数有了较大的提升，因此考生应在今后的备考中对其多加留意。 许多考生觉得饼图十分简单，也就是一些百分比及数字的列举，对该类图表不太重视，准备并不充分。笔者根据学生的日常作业来看，很多学生并没能准确把握这一图表的特征。在实际考试中，真题大多是多个饼图结合出现，如果一味地罗列数据照搬词组，不但文章读起来枯燥无味，句式和词汇也缺少变化，是无法得到理想的分数的。那么考生该如何应对饼状图表写作呢?

1. 分析思路

在实际考试中，一般以三到四个饼图出现为主，最多曾出现过六个饼图的组合，但无论如何变化，多饼图一般可分为以下两种模式，笔者将举出一些实例进行分析：

1）无关型饼图

图一

请注意以上三个饼图（图一），它们分别介绍了世界上的不同花费比例，世界人口分布及资源消耗的去向，三个饼图涉及的内容和划分标准不尽相同，不可能将三者结合起来一起论述。

对于这种图表，我们的文章框架架构如下： Introduction：分别概述三个饼图所说明的信息

如：The three pie charts respectively illustrate some data regarding the distribution in world spending, global population and consumption of resources.

Body：分别说明各饼图的内容，辅以数据（段落层次按照个数划分即可，本题就可以分成三个段落）分别进行排序，稍后详细分析。

Conclusion（选用）：说明三个饼图的相关含义，如无，可提炼一下每个饼图最典型的特征（如果已达到要求字数且充分说明内容，结尾段可以略去）

详细来看，世界花费主要支出在食物方面，交通、房产和穿着次之，其他项目合计占到总数的40%；亚洲是世界人口的主要来源地，欧洲、美洲和非洲均占到10%以上，其他地区人口较少。这两个饼图都可以用“排序”的方式来列举数据，具体的写法我们会在下面详细说明。最后一个图表可以用比较的办法突出美国欧洲等发达地区耗费了世界上五分之二的资源。

由于无关型饼图没有什么分类思路可言，句式和词汇会显得相对单一，考生在写作时特别要注意变化，避免单调。

2）相关型饼图

这类饼图组合之间常常有一定关联，只要细心观察不难发现其中的联系点。我们先来看看下面这两个饼图组合：

图二

这两个饼图比较了不同年份世界人口的数量及分布情况的变化，数量和分布地区就是我们所找到的两图之间的联系。根据这一思路我们可以将文章架构如下： Introduction：说明各饼图的联系，此时可以选取如“compare，reveal”之类的动词来突出其关联。

如：The two pie charts reveal the variation in the global population and distribution between 1900 and 2000.

Body：根据各饼图之间的联系，进行分别比较和说明。以本图为例： 1. 数量联系：The world population quadrupled during the past century, from 1.5 to 6 billion.

2. 地区联系：Despite some changes in region distribution, Asia and Europe were still the two areas where the majority of people came from, altogether accounting for over 60% of the total.

当然，一些细节的内容也要详细说明，如其他地区的比例变化有升有降，新统计地区的出现。本图的主线是时间变化，考生可以将其转化成为线图。

Conclusion：相关图表之间一般都有比较明显的联系，可以作为结尾段的总述，如：The majority of people were from Asia and Europe, where a decline in percentage can be found.

再来看看下面这个图表（图三）也是一个相同的例子：

图三

图三主要比较了十年间人们所选用能源的变化，和图二的思路基本相同，也是以时间为主线进行对比，我们可以根据比例的变化方式进行分类：

比例上升：There was a minimal growth in the proportion of coal and nuclear power, with the former from 22% in 1980 to 27% in 1990 and the latter 5% to 10% over the same course.

比例下降：An opposite change can be seen in the percentage of natural gas, oil and hydroelectric power.

值得注意的是，石油一直是人们依赖的主要能源。

我们再来看另外一种相关型图表（图四）：

图四

此类图表不是以时间为走向的，而是比较了不同产品在不同地区的市场份额。虽然产品有差异，但地区的分类是一致的。我们的基本思路是观察各图表之间的异同，进行归类。 Introduction：说明各饼图的联系，如：The three pie charts compare the market share of three products in some areas including North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.

Body：根据各饼图之间的联系，进行分别比较和说明。以本图为例：

1. 相同点：A similar pattern can be found in the distribution of sales for Product X and Y. 两者的排序是一致的

2. 不同点：和Product X和Y相比，Product Z的市场分布比较均匀。 Conclusion：总结异同点即可。

朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，相关型饼图的分析思路关键在于找出图表之间的关系，特别是联系点及分类点，前者常见的有时间变化、类别对比；后者常见的有地区、不同事物项等。把握好了这些要点，再辅以适当数据进行说明就能轻松化解饼图。

2. 相关句式

1）基本句式

由于饼图主要以比例说明和数字列举为主，我们需要在考前准备好以下素材： ① 动词“占”的表达：

account for, hold, make up, take up, constitute, comprise, represent ② 百分比的表达

percentage，proportion, share, 某些情况下可以用rate，如literacy rate ③ 约数表达

the majority of, most of, a considerable number of, a minority of , just over…, slightly more than…/less than…, nearly half… 等 ④ 确切数字表达

分数与百分比的转化：one third, two fifths，one tenth 常见表达：a quarter, a half ⑤ 句式

要灵活运用以上的词汇结合一定的句子，变换表达方式。 例：亚洲人口占世界比例近50%。

— Asia accounts for almost a half of world population. — Nearly 50% of people in the world come from Asia.

— The percentage of Asian in the world population is slightly less than a half. — Asia has the largest percentage of population in the world( approximately 50%). ⑥ 排序段

在列举饼图数据时，为了防止单调枯燥，我们常常运用排序的方式进行说明： — China takes the lead in world population.

类似的表达还有“be leading, the majority, mostly, most等”

— Next comes food, whose percentage is higher than that of clothing. 类似的表达还有“follow”

— People seem to show no interest in reference books, which lies last in the percentage.

类似表达还有“fall behind other items, the lowest proportion”.

我们来看一段排序的完整例子：

Heating rooms and water account for the largest proportion (52.5%) of the electricity used. Next comes the demand of ovens, kettles and washing machines, which makes up 17.5%. The electricity consumed for lighting, TV and radio equals to that for vacuum cleaner, food mixers and electric tools, representing 15%.

如果能用好排序段，在描述饼图数据时，能起到事半功倍的效果。 1）思维套路

在描述不相关饼图时，由于各图之间联系不强，考生只需将各图表的要素做一定排序即可。以图一的第二个饼图为例：As can be seen from the second pie chart, Asia is where 57% of total population lives, followed by Europe and Americas, with 14% for each. There is 10% of population from Africa and the rest proportion goes to other regions.

对于相关型饼图，以图二为例，如果仅仅只是将图表转化成为线图，对于上升下降等趋势进行描述，就忽视了饼图展现百分比的这一特性。我们可以首先对较大的几项或者最值得注意的一项进行说明。

It is apparent that people mainly relied on fossil fuel including oil, natural gas and coal. In particular, oil was still the major energy, despite a slight drop from 42% to 33% in 1980s. Natural gas and coal were the next two items, altogether constituting over half of total energy consumed. The former shows a 1% decline while the amount of latter climbed from 22% to 27%. 对于剩下的一些项目，我们可以按照一定的规律进行说明，如时间趋势或者是对比结果。

The reliance on nuclear power shows a double increase from 5% to 10% while the percentage of hydroelectric power kept steady at 5% during the same period.

因此，相关型饼图的分析思路就是：在多个饼图关注其中一项或是几大项，说明其在图中的比例特征，剩下的比例可以找出一定规律进行分析说明。参考句型如：The rest proportion can be divided among…

我们来看一个完整的段落（高分范文第五版P224）：

Accommodation and food were the two biggest items of expenditure.

Altogether they constituted around 60% of the total students’ expenditure in all the three countries. The difference is that in country A and B accommodation spending exceeded food spending while the reverse was true for country C. The rest of students’ spending was divided among leisure, books and other items. Leisure spending constituted a larger percentage (around 20%) of student expenditure in both country A and country B, while in country C more money was spent on books (21%) than on leisure (12%).

笔者建议，考生可以结合高分范文和剑桥雅思后面考官的文章进行练习。

总而言之，饼图可以称得上是图表作文里最为简单的一类，数据和特征都较为单纯明了。朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生要留心观察认真把握图表规律，在日常学习中练习分析思路，以期在考试较短的时间内能够尽快动笔。在实际写作中，

在基本表达的基础上，要加强句式和词汇的变化，不可“得过且过”，切记“精益求精”。

Exercise 1

This is a bar chart which describes the general trend of heart attacks per year in the USA. It shows the difference between men and women at three different ages——29 to 44,45 to 64 and more then 65. First, we can clearly see that man is more strongly associated with heart disease than woman no matter what age they are. But then, when we compare man with themselves in their different ages, we can know men’s risk of heart attacks is seem similar with women’s. That is to say, men’s risk of heart disease tends to get worse as they get older both men and women.

Exercise 2

US Spending Patterns 1966 – 1996

The two Pie charts tells the changes of man’s Spending Patterns in 1966 and 1996. In 1966, food account for the largest proportion (44%) of the Spending Patterns. Next comes the demand of cars, which makes up 23%. The rest of spending Patterns was divided among Furniture ,Petrol, Restaurants，Books and Computers，which account for 10%, 9%, 7%, 6% and 1% of the Spending Patterns. As can be seen from the second pie chart, Cars is where 45% of Spending Patterns, followed by Food and restaurants, with 14% for each. There is 10% of Spending Patterns from Computers. The Spending Patterns for petrol equals to that for Furniture, representing 8%. Books accounts for about 1%, compared with 1966, which drops five percent.