一节语法课的归纳与扩展

一节语法课的归纳与扩展

作者：方文芳

来源：《新课程·中学》2014年第06期

摘 要：中学英语课的语法教学是必要的，符合中国学生认知规律的循序渐进的语法教法，能够迅速、有意义、准确地理解和掌握英语。经过多年的教学实践，教科书语法教学模式可概括为“呈现—发现—归纳—实践—活用”。 关键词：语法课；归纳扩展；实践与活用

中学英语课语法教学是必要的，符合中国学生认知规律的循序渐进的语法教法，能够迅速有意义准确地理解和掌握英语。根据教科书语法教学模式，可概括为“呈现——发现——归纳——实践——活用”。在这五个环节中，处于中间环节的归纳却至关重要。倘若归纳失误，就等于发现的失误，就谈不上实践与活用；倘若归纳模糊不清，也说明发现得不彻底，对实践与活用必将产生误导。本文以高中英语必修5 Unit 2：（Discovering useful structures）过去分词作宾语的补足语（The Past Participles as the Object Com-plement）为例，谈谈如何做好一节语法课的归纳与扩展。 一、借助呈现，甄别发现

从呈现课文句子“Now when people refer to England you find Wales

included as well”中，我们首先发现：过去分词作宾语的补足语（In this sentence the past participle is used as the object complement）。同时，我们也发现一个固定的结构，动词+宾语+宾语的补足语（is formed with have/get/find+object+past participle）。

Find two more sentences from the reading passage with past participles as the complement. 1...to form with the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. 2.You find most of the population settled in the south.

借助呈现，我们不难甄别发现，同时，也必须对发现进行甄别。因为我们知道：have/get是使役动词，而find却是一个感官动词，它们是属于两种不同类型的动词。这一点也在实践与活用的练习中得以体现，并加以分开。 Example：（使役动词have/get）

1.We （the house/mend）now.（答案：have got the house mended）

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2.You look different today. （you/your hair/cut）？（答案：Have you had your hair cut） 3.Do you want to （the dictionary/deliver）to your house or would you prefer to come to the shop for it.（答案：have the dictionary delivered）

4.A：Could I have a look at the photographs you took when you were in Europe？ B：Sorry，I （not/the film/develop）yet.（答案：haven’t had the film developed）

5.The computer doesn’t seem to work well.You’d better （it/repair）.（答案：get it repaired） Example：（感官动词find）

1.On my way to the station my car broke down.When I got to the repair shop Ie （it/close）.（答案：found it closed）

2.They （find）the windo （break）.（答案：found....broken） 二、借助发现，归纳扩展

发现让我们知道了事物的所以然，让我们准确懂得有这么两类型的动词后面接宾语+宾语的补足语，宾语的补足语由过去分词充当。然而，适当的归纳扩展却能让我们对知识形成完整的体系。

使役动词除了have/get，还有：make/leave等。 Example：

1.The leader tried to make himself understood.这位领导尽量使自己让人理解。 2.Don’t leave the door locked.别把门锁上。 感官动词除了find，还有：see/hear等。 Example：

1.Have you seen a man killed？你见过人被杀吗？

2.I have heard him spoken of as a good man.我听说他是个好人。 3.I saw the boy tied to a pole.我看见那个男孩被绑在柱子上。

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三、借助归纳，实践活用

学习语法的最好方法是在“用”中学。借助归纳扩展，我们要在实践中把过去分词作宾语的补足语加以应用。 ●单项填空：

1.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year. （C） A.carry out B.carrying out C.carried out D.to carry out

2.Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had went wrong again. （C）

A.it to repair B.it repaired C.repaired D.to be repaired

3.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found in the kitchen. （B） A.smoke B.smoking C.to smoke D.smoked

4.Alexander tried to get his work in the medical circles. （D） A.to recognize B.recognizing C.recognize D.recognized

5.Jenny hopes that Mr Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English in a short period. （A）

A.improved B.improving C.to improve D.improve ●短文填空：

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You are a policeman writing a report about a house that has been broken into.Use the past participles of the verbs below as the object complement to describe what you found. Report of a House Break-in at 26 Mount Pleasant Road，Cambridge

When I entered the house.I found the telephone the windows and the door .I was overcome by the smell.I had to get the kitchen ，the cooker and the floor before I could look into the problem.Mrs Smith had had the house and

a few months ago so it should have been safe.Nobody should have been able to enter without permission.I had the locks and the windows before I left.Mrs Smith was very grateful.She had only had three valuable jewels and as she had had them

she was not too upset.She thinks the gardener may have stolen a key and be the person who broke into the house.

Signed：Police Constable Stephen Briggs Date：21/6/200

（答案：disconnected broken opened cleaned repaired washed examined locked checked mended stolen insured）

总之，语言的学习是一个自主体验、实践的习得过程，语法的学习亦然。在语法教学上，我们首先要呈现语法知识，之后，让学生自己发现新的语法现象。《普通高中英语课程标准》明确指出：“课改的重点就是要改变英语课程过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的培养的倾向，强调从学生的学习兴趣、生活经验和认识水平出发，帮助他们归纳出语法结构形式与功能。”同时，适当加以扩展。通过总结及归纳，帮助他们正确运用语法结构，使学生对所学语法更加明晰。最后，倡导体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径，在实践与活用中，发展学生的综合语言运用能力，使语言的学习过程成为学生形成积极的情感态度、主动思维和大胆实践的过程，且习得的语法知识只有在反复应用中才能被学生消化、吸收。这样，语法知识才会真正内化为学生的真实能力。 参考文献：

[1]庄志兴.高考必备英语语法大全.世界知识出版社，2005-08. [2]张泉.高考专题辅导与训练.延边大学出版社，2009-09. [3]曲一线.5年高考3年模拟.首都师范大学出版社，2010-06. [4]张道真.实用英语语法.商务印书馆出版，1978-08.

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（作者单位 福建省莆田市仙游县盖尾中学） 编辑 郭晓云