新七大句子成分与五大基本句型

Part 1 句子成分

组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语

1. 主语：主语是一句话的中心。除祈使句外，主语是句子中不可缺少的成分。主语表示句子中所说的是“谁”或“什么”。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当

【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。

2. 谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。谓语分为简单谓语与复合谓语两种 简单谓语由动词或动词词组组成； 复合谓语由情态动词或助动词+动词

【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。

3.宾语：宾语是动作行为的对象，说明主语“做什么”， 一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。宾语分为直接宾语（Direct Object）和间接宾语(Indirect Object)。直接宾语常指物,间接宾语常指人。“物植人间”

4.表语：在系动词后的部分就是表语,说明主语的状态等，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。系动词不用于被动语态。“……怎么样”

常见的系动词：be(am,is,are,were,was),appear,look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound,keep,turn,become, get, grow, come, go etc. 5.定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。

【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。

6.状语：用于修饰形容词,副词,动词,介词短语或句子.可表示时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,方式, 伴随,条件,程度,让步,频率等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末 【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如：He is old enough to go to school

7.宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。 划分句子成分练习一

(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here.

③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 ① I don't like the picture on the wall.

A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast ⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.

A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework ⑦ What I want to tell you is this.

A. want B. to tell C. you D. is ⑧ We had better send for a doctor.

A. We B. had C. send D. doctor

1

⑨ He is interested in music.

A. is B. interested C. in D. music ⑩ Whom did you give my book to? A. give B.did C. whom D. book (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟） ① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English.

③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ⑦ They made him monitor of the class.

⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. ⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school. ⑩ They didn't know who \"Father Christmas\" really is. (四) 挑出下列句中的表语（5分， 5分钟） ① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow.

④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it. (五) 挑出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟） ① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name?

③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分， 6分钟）

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.

⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?

2

(七) 挑出下列句中的状语（8分， 8分钟） ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. ⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. ⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.

Part 2 基本句型

基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns) (1)

第一基本句型 主+谓 S+V I teach.

(2) 第二基本句型 主+系+表 S+V+P

I am a teacher.

(3) 第三基本句型 主+谓+宾 S+V+O I teach English.

(4) 第四基本句型 主+谓+间宾+直宾 S+V+IO+DO I teach you English.

(5)第五基本句型 主+谓+宾+宾补S+V+O+C

I encourage you to learn English better.

定语从句详解+例句

一、定语从句及相关术语

1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词

关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等； 关系副词有where, when, why等。

关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。

二.关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人，在从句中做主语

(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.

注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

3

3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

4. that指人时，相当于who 或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替

(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导 (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. (2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.

(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. (4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.

(5) We'll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. (6) We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 (1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)

2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose

(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) (2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)

(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) (4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)

3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

四．关系副词引导的定语从句

1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came.

2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.

4

(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语

(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,

(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born. 五．性定语从句和非性定语从句

性定语从句举例：

(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. (2) China is a country which has a long history. 非性定语从句举例：

(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.

(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 要注意区分以下几个句子的不同

(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥） (2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）

难点分析

（一）性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况

1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时

(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?

(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little that I can do for you. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.

2. 当先行词被序数词修饰

(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.

3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1) This is the best film that I have seen.

4. 当形容词被the very, the only修饰时 (1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,

(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/

5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there?

5

(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时

(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句

as和which引导非性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 (1) He married her, as/which was natural. (2) He was honest, as/which we can see.

2. as引导非性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.

(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don't believe. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which (5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.

3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as (1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) He is not such a fool as he looks. (3) This is the same book as I lost last week.

注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as 所引导的定语从句意思不同 (4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding. 她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 (5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。

（三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。 (1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.

(四) but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句

(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don't )

(五)区分定语从句和同位语从句

1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系 (1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句 (2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于从句

2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分 (1) The news he told me is true. (2) The news that he has just died is true.

(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语 (4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.

6

3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以 (1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. (2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. 同位语 (4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth. 定语从句练习题 一、单项填空

1. ---Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher? ---Oh! It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher. A. he B. that C. whom D. which

2. I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble. A. who B. which C. they D. where 3. The foreigner _________ visited our school is from Canada. A. which B. when C. who D. whom

4. George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing. A. who B. whom C. he D. which 5. This is the place _____I have ever visited.

A. there B. when C. where D. which 6. Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn’t come to the meeting. A. that B. which C. why D. when 7. The moon is a world ______ there is no life.

A. that B. which C. where D. why 8. He has forgotten the day _______ he arrived.

A. when B. where C. that D. which 9. He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family. A. when B. where C. that D. on which 10. Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman. A. who B. that C. whose D. which

11. He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation. A. that B. which C. when D. where 12. This is the house _______ I want to buy.

A. In which B. that C. whose D. where

13. This is the house _______ our beloved Premier Zhou once lived and worked. A. which B. that C. when D. where 14. He didn’t tell me the place _______ he was born. A. that B. which C. when D. where

15. He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station. A. that B. which C. where D. when

16. I work in a business ________ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. A. how B. which C. where D. that

17. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _______, of course, made the others envy him. A. who B. that C. what D. which

18. American women usually identify their best friend as someone ________ they can talk frequently. A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom

19. The film brought the hours back to me ________ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where

20. The famous scientist grew up________ he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai. 7

A. when B. whenever C. where D. wherever

21. A story goes ________ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.

A. when B. where C. what D. that

22. The Parkers bought a new house but ______will need a lot of work before they can move in. A. they B. it C. one D. which 23. Is this factory ______ you worked at?

A. the one B. which C. that D. where 24. Is this the factory _______ you worked?

A. where B. which C. that D. the one

25. ---Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees? ---Yes, he does. A. which B. whose C. where D. who

26. The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important. A. who B. where C. what D. that 27. ---Where is the scientist ________ gave us the talk yesterday? ---He has gone back to Qinghua University.

A. whom B. who C. whose D. which 28. I hate people _______ talk much but do little.

A. whose B. whom C. which D. who 29. Do you know a boy ______ sister is a nurse in a hospital? A. who B. that C. whom D. whose

30. Is there a shop near here______ we can buy vegetables and fruits? A. which B. when C. who D. where 二、填入适当的关系代词或关系副词完成下列句子 1. The boys________ are playing football are from Class One.

2. Those ______ want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow. 3. Mr Liu is the person ________ you talked about on the bus. 4. The professor ________ you are waiting for has come. 5. Football is a game _______is liked by most boys.

6. He likes to read books ________ are written by foreign writers. 7. This is the pen _______ he bought yesterday.

8. We’ll go to hear the famous singer _______ we have often talked. 9. Where is the man _________ I saw this morning? 10. The season_________ comes after spring is summer.

11. I visited a scientist ________ name is known all over the country. 12. He has a friend ______ father is a doctor. 13. I once lived in the house _____ roof has fallen in. 14. I still remember the day _____ I first came to this school. 15. The time _______ we got together finally arrived. 16. Shanghai is the city ______ I was born.

17. The house ______ I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 18. Please tell me the reason ______ you missed the plane. 19. The reason ____ he was punished is unknown to us. 20. All the people ______are present burst into tears.

21. There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of _______ are well educated. 22. He succeeded in the competition, _____ made his parents very happy. 23. The school ______ he once studied is very famous. 24. Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine _______ you asked. 25. This is the boy ________I played tennis with yesterday.

8