It seems that, at first sight, the author’s reasoning is
logical to lead to the
proposal/recommendation/prediction/assertion that… (2)
However, careful scrutiny of the argument reveals that some
assumptions this argument depends on are problematic (the evidence this argument contains is inadequate) (additional questions need to be asked in order to fully evaluate this argument) (some alternative explanations also need to be considered). (3)
Unless the author could provide more accurate information or
critical evidence, this argument will not be convincing enough to reach its conclusion.
替换词：
作者author/writer/speaker/arguer/“title” 文章argument/editorial/article
建议suggest/advise/advocate/recommend/propose
预测predict/project/forecast/foresee/expect/anticipate 承接
Therefore/thus/hence/so/consequently/clearly/moreover/furthermore/besides
表明show/imply/indicate/illustrate/demonstrate/point out 声称assert/allege/state/claim/contend/maintain
1
声明
assertion/statement/claim/implication/indication/illustration/demonstration
证实prove/substantiate/corroborate 支持 support/bolster
可信度validity/credibility/reliability/feasibility 推断 infer/deduce/suggest
草率的，鲁莽的 hasty/rash/reckless 值得怀疑的，没有说服力的
unsubstantiated/unconvincing/unpersuasive/unfounded/unwarranted/suspicious/unreliable/groundless/suspectable/doubtable/questionable/problematic/specious
1. 类比 (5, 7, 13)
(1) Indicating that … (措施在某地或某公司取得了成功), the author implies that … (该措施在另一地也会成功)
(2) This comparison between the two areas/companies/towns (analogy), however, might not be very reasonable on the grounds that the circumstances facing the two areas might be very different.
(3) …(列举两者之间可能不同的状况) all might influence the effectiveness of …(措施) at the two places.
(4) Therefore, the deduction that the success of …(措施) can be definitely achieved at (另一地) is groundless and unreliable.
2. 绝对与相对数量
2
(1) The author mentions … (绝对数量) to illustrate that …, but the author does not address… (总数)
(2) If … (总数很大/很小), … (绝对数量) would not seem to be surprisingly high/low.
(3)The arguer needs to provide more specific statistics regarding the ratio of… (相对数量)
(4) Such data would be of much more value in comparing the relative amounts of…
3. 没发现不代表没有
(1) The argument treats a lack of proof that … (某事物) had ever been found as sufficient evidence that… (某事物) never existed. (2) One possibility is that… which makes it extremely hard to find trace of the existence of… (某事物) It is also likely that current research methods and technologies are not yet advanced enough to identify(detect) potential evidence involving the possible existence of …(某事物)
(3) Also, if researchers could find … (其他事物), these objects might be used as secondhand evidence to infer that …(某事物) once existed.
4. 质疑权威性
The author’s citation of … could not lend strong support to this argument, since the authority (accuracy) of … is questionable. … … Apparently, the author should address more background information about… in order to prove that … are just and objective. Otherwise the claim of … would be dubious.
3
段首句：
1. One of the underlying assumptions that needs evaluation is that… 2. The author also hastily assumes that…
3. Building upon the implication(assumption) that…
通用句型：
1. … could not lend strong support to the arguer’s claim/proposal 2. The argument treats a lack of proof that…was found as sufficient evidence that… (没发现不代表没有) 3. The arguer fails to convince us that…
4. All of these different factors need to be taken into consideration before making an assertion that…
5. Without evidence that…, the author’s claim that … is dubious at best.
6. The claim that… lacks credibility if the author fails to prove… 7. To (further) bolster the editorial’s claims, the author must provide clear evidence that reason A was in fact responsible for (a increase/decline in …)
8. …cannot be representative enough to reflect the true/universal situation regarding
调查／数据：
1. The author unfairly/fallaciously/falsely assumes that the result of the cited survey/statistics is fully genuine and credible. 2. The author cites a survey/study of … to report/explain that…
4
3. Failing to indicate the source of the survey, the author could not convince us about the credibility of the survey.
4. The scope/validity/representativeness/reliability of the survey is doubtable.
5. The sample is too limited/not representative, including only those people who…
6. The result of the nationwide survey may not be representative enough to reflect the true situation in… area.
7. Does the survey include respondents from different age groups 8. The survey does not provide specific statistics (complete information) concerning the effect of…
9. Although the total number of … is high, the per … (capita) number might be relatively low. 类比：
1. Are the two towns/companies fully comparable at every aspect 2. The comparison between A and B might not be very reasonable on the grounds that…the circumstances facing A and B might be very different.
3. Without showing that all other conditions in the two
areas/universities have been essentially the same, the author cannot convince us that…
因果关系：
1. Although A and B happens at the same time, no evidence was given to substantiate the claim that A contribute to B
5
2. Other possible factors should be considered in order to evaluate the real causes of…
列举他因：
1. The author overlooks the possibility that (only a small portion of )…
2. The arguer ignores other possible factors that may also leads/contribute to…
3. Some other possible solutions to the problem of…, such as…, should not be excluded from consideration. 段落结尾： 1. In short 2. In a word 结尾： (1)
While … might be beneficial to…, this argument is not
strongly persuasive in the absence of additional supporting details. (2)
More research should be conducted in order to determine
whether the… is a reasonable recommendation/prediction/choice (the appropriateness and effectiveness of the recommendation provided).
难题：1,2,6,74,79,83,85,91
论据论点： 6
1. Problems about surveys (1) (2) (3) (4)
quantity of the sample
the actual meaning or influence of the survey what questions were asked in the survey are the respondents representative
2. Problems about statistics or information (1) (2)
vague data completeness
3. Flaws in the reasoning line (1) (2) (3) (4)
false analogy
confusing comparison and variation incomplete comparison/selective comparison hasty generalization
A. unrelated concepts B. changing scopes
C. inferring a future condition from a past condition (5) (6) (7)
failing to weigh the advantages and disadvantages thoroughly false dilemma
cause-effect fallacies
A. confusing the cause and the effect B. non-causal relationship
C. confusing concurrence with causality D. confusing with the time relationship
4. flaws in the conclusion (1)
sufficiency and necessity of the solution
7
(2) failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion
8
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